Biography of Malik ibn Anas (RA)

Source: teachislam.com

A scholar of Hadeeth and Fiqh and the renowned Imam of the Madinah.

Abu Abdullah, Malik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn Amer al-Asbahee was born in
Madinah in the year 93 AH (714 CE). His ancestral home was in Yemen, but his
grandfather settled in Madinah after embracing Islam.

Malik became the Imam of the Madinah, and one of the most renowned Imams of
Islam.

He received his education in what was the most important seat of Islamic learning,
Madinah, and where lived the immediate descendants and the followers of the
companions of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, were living.

Born into a well-to-do family, Malik did not need to work for a living. He was
highly attracted to the study of Islam, and ended up devoting his entire life to the
study of Fiqh. It is said that he sought out over three hundred Tabi’een or those
who saw and followed the companions of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam.
Malik held the hadeeth of the Prophet, sallallahu alayhi wasallam, in such
reverence that he never narrated, taught any hadeeth or given a fatwa without
being in a state of ritual purity, Ghusl. Ismael ibn abi Uwaiss said, “I asked my
uncle –Malik – about something. He had me sit, made ablution, then said, ‘Laa
hawla wala quwata illa billah.” He did not give any fatwa without saying it first.”
Also, Malik saw fatwa as a sensitive, precise, and important action that can have
far reaching results, and used to be extremely careful about giving it to the extent
that if he was not sure about a matter, he would not dare to talk. Al-Haytham said,
“I once was with Malik when he was asked more than forty questions and I heard
him reply, ‘I do not know,’ to thirty two of them.” Yet, he was the man about
whom ash-Shafi’ee said, ‘When scholars are mentioned, Malik is like the star
among them.’ Malik said that he did not sit to give fatwa, before seventy of the
Madinah scholars first witnessed to his competence in doing so.

He is the author of al-Muwatta’ (“The Approved”), formed of the sound narrations
from the Prophet together with the sayings of his companions, their followers, and
those after them. Malik said, “I showed my book to seventy scholars of Madinah,
and every single one of them approved it for me (kulluhum wata-ani alayh), so I
named it ‘The Approved’.” Imam Bukhari said that the soundest of all chains of
transmission was “Malik, from Nafi, from Ibn Umar.” The scholars of hadeeth call
it the Golden Chain, and there are eighty narrations with this chain in the Muwatta.
Malik composed al-Muwatta in the course of forty years, having started with ten
thousand narrations until he reduced them to their present number of fewer than
2,000. Like all scholars of Islam, Malik was famous for his piety and integrity. He
courageously stood up, and was prepared to suffer, for his convictions. When the
governor of Madinah demanded and forced people to take the oath of allegiance to
Khalifah al-Mansour, Imam Malik issued a fatwa that such an oath was not
binding because it was given under coercion. He based this opinion of the hadeeth,
“The divorce of the coerced does not take effect” (laysa ala mustakrahin talag).
This resulted in many people finding courage to express their opposition, but the
Imam was arrested, found guilty of defiance, and publicly flogged.

Malik’s followers and disciples developed a Fiqh school, Math-hab, based on his
Ijtihad which came to be known as the Maliki Madh-hab. This Madh-hab apread
in North Africa, al-Andalus, much of Egypt, and some of al-Sham, Yemen, Sudan,
Iraq, and Khurasan. Today, Malikis are mostly found in North and West Africa,
Egypt, Sudan and the eastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Imam Malik died in
the year (179 AH) 796 CE at Madinah and is buried in the famous al-Baqie
cemetery in Madinah.

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